2023/7/15/ · Municipal solid waste is a major global environmental challenge (Gao et al., 2022a, b; Xu et al., 2022a), with an estimated annual production of 2.01 billion metric tonnes and estimates predicting a substantial increase to 3.40 billion tonnes by 2050 (Xu et al., 2022b; Roy et al., 2022).Urbanization is a significant contributor to this rise, as the growing number of people