2025/1/15/ · Multi-functional MFC technology has achieved remarkable effectiveness in soil remediation (Abbas and Rafatullah, 2021; Habibul et al., 2016), wastewater treatment (Li et al., 2023; Niu et al., 2024), and energy production (Muhammed et al., 2024), but it is not clear weather MFC could enhance detoxification performance during composting process